Multigenerational communication preferences in the workplace

Over the years, the forms of communication have changed drastically due to always changing technology. Where face-to-face or phone interactions used to be the only way to communicate with one another, workplaces now can email, post communications on a company-wide portal, or hold virtual meetings. With four generations currently in the workplace, Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z, research shows there are differences in the way all generations prefer to communicate. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a statistical difference in preferred communication methods, what the preferred channel is, if there is a difference in preference based on the context of what is being delivered, if there is a preference in the technology used for workplace trainings, and whether the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions caused a change in preferences among generations. A quantitative study was performed to analyze the research questions. All participants filled out a survey and questionnaire through SurveyMonkey. ANOVA analysis and comparisons of means and standard deviations were used to analyze the results. While differences were found among the means and standard deviations, only two statistically significant differences were found.This study found valuable information organizations can use to better the communication for all employees. Organizations can utilize this information to create effective communication and trainings across the workplace. Creating a more effective communication method will help keep employees motivated and engaged. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

The most diverse, tech-savvy, anxious, and socially conscious generation to date is entering the legal profession

GENERATIONAL THEORY Researchers William Strauss and Neil Howe pioneered the study of what they deemed "peer personalities" and how each generation's experiences of certain major events affect their values and behavior.3 Generally speaking, a generation is defined as the entire body of people born and living at about the same time and spans between 14 and 20 years.4 According to Strauss and Howe, as well as others who have studied the phenomenon, generational differences naturally develop based on the unique historical and cultural events that occur and the age of the individuals experiencing them.5 Although some of the dates vary slightly depending on the source, American researchers have identified the following generations since 1901: * The "Greatest Generation," born 1901-1924 * The "Silent Generation," born 1925-1945 * "Baby Boomers," born 1946-1964 * "Generation X," born 1965-1980 * "Millennials," born 1981-1994 * "Generation Z" or "Zoomers," born 1995-20126 Each of these eras produced what researchers refer to as "cohort identity" for the individuals of that generation.7 For example, members of the Silent Generation were book-marked between the Great Depression and World War II, while members of Generation X came of age during a resurgent consumer economy and the dawn of the digital age. Having these unique experiences at roughly the same age affects how one generation parents the next, which in turn produces another unique set of individuals with shared experiences.8 The Zoomer generation is smart, technologically savvy, and determined to change the world.9 In court, as in life, judges will be better able to communicate with this newest crop of young adults by understanding what motivates them and how they are different from older participants in the judicial process. Simply placing an entire group of people in a bucket based on a generational stereotype does a disservice to any industry attempting to prepare for or adapt to demographic change.14 Thus, labeling Millennials as lazy and entitled is just as erroneous as assuming every member of Gen Z is an ardent liberal.15 A trial judge should always be wary of such "generational hype. Generation Z has been called "a worried generation," reporting high rates of anxiety, depression, and loneliness.17 From 1991 to 2015, the percentage of youths reporting being "very happy" declined sharply18 We have yet to experience the full aftereffects of the COVID-19 pandemic, in which already isolated young people became even more separated from each other as well as from society as a whole.

Challenges of digital advertising from the study of the influencers' phenomenon in social networks

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to study the challenges of digital advertising from the characterization of the influencer phenomenon based on the perceptions of two different and non-consecutive generations, explored from the perspective of parasocial relationshipsDesign/methodology/approachUsing a quantitative methodology design and a descriptive approach, a study is presented on a sample of 449 individuals belonging to two generational niches, generation Z (N = 227) and generation X (N = 222). For the study, characterization parameters have been defined based on existing literature, defining five-dimension conceptualization: strength, fairness, engagement, trustworthiness and social role.FindingsThe results point to a different perception of the phenomenon in some aspects that allow an intergenerational portrait of the figure of the influencer to be made. The findings of the study are innovative because they were not previously available and transcend academia to serve the companies that proliferate in the representation and management of influencers, as the characterization of this figure is important for the identification of key aspects in the adjustment of products and messages offered to a certain public of a specific population niche, both for advertising companies and for media and institutions.Originality/valueThe study reveals interesting challenges for digital advertising from the audience's perceptions about influencers, highlighting the relevance of influencers which clearly contributes to a better understanding of more efficient strategies on digital advertising.

COVID-19, social identity, and socially responsible food consumption between generations.

Introduction: The objective of the research was to analyze the effect of COVID-19 with the predictors of the health belief model (perceived severity, perceived benefits, and cue to action) on the social identity of the consumer and the social identity of the socially responsible food consumption among four generation groups of adults based on the stimulus-organism-response model. Methods: The study had a quantitative approach explanatory design and a cross-sectional temporal dimension. A total of 834 questionnaires were collected from adults in the metropolitan area of Mexico City, and the data were analyzed through partial least squares structural equation modeling. Results: The results indicated that perceived severity, perceived benefits, and cue to action positively and significantly influenced social identity, and this positively and significantly influenced socially responsible consumption. In addition, identity was found to be a variable that had a total mediation effect between perceived severity and socially responsible consumption, perceived benefits and socially responsible consumption, and cue to action and socially responsible consumption. While the perceived barriers only had a direct effect on socially responsible consumption. Likewise, a difference was found between generation X and Y, generation Z and X, and generation Y and X in the relationship between cue to action, belonging to a social network group, and social identity. Discussion: In this sense, these results allow us to consider that when environmental stimuli (predictors of the health belief model) affect the organism (social identity), it will respond with socially responsible food consumption. This type of consumption is explained through social identity and is modified according to the age of the consumers due to the effects of social networks.

Shiver Me Tinders and Ring a Ding for a Fling-Sex Tech Use during COVID-19: Findings from a UK Study.

Existing research surrounding dating apps has primarily focused on younger people with few studies exploring usage of such apps by middle aged and older adults. The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic challenged social behaviours and forced people to adapt intimacy and wider relationship conduct. The objective of this study was to examine how older adults utilized dating apps during the lockdowns of the UK pandemic (December 2020-May 2021). Findings presented here focus on qualitative data collected from an online survey and eight online, one-to-one interviews with adults aged 40-54 years. The online survey targeted adults across the UK while interviewees were located across England. Employing interpretative phenomenological analysis, findings identified three key themes: 1. Morality, health, and law breaking and COVID-19; 2. Self-surveillance and moral signalling; 3. Loneliness and social isolation. Qualitative findings show engaging with apps was a proxy which alleviated feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Some users used the premise of their social bubble as a way of meeting other people. Using the same premise, others justified breaking the law to engage in physical and sexual intimacy to mitigate their loneliness. The work presented here contributes to the fields of social sciences, gerontology, and human computer interaction. The inter- and multi-disciplinary impact of this study intersects across those fields and offers a cross-sectional insight into behaviours and engagement with technology during one of the most extraordinary global events.

The impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Purchasing Priorities of Generation X and Y Consumers

This paper presents the second part of the research conducted at Riga Technical University aimed to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Generation X (Gen X) and Generation Y (Gen Y) consumer behavior and purchasing priorities. While the changes in consumer behavior have already been analyzed and published earlier [1], the changes in purchasing priorities which might have caused changes in consumer behavior, are going to be studied in this work. The choice of these two generations is not made randomly;on the contrary, it was an intentional selection among other consumers, as they make a very active and prominent part of buyers all over the world. The research methods used are comparative descriptive analysis, Chi-square test and qualitative content analysis of data collected in an electronic survey of respondents from Asia, Europe, and America. The findings show that statistically significant differences between the changes in purchasing priorities of both generations are found for: meat and dairy products, fruit & vegetables, non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks, clothes & shoes, body care & cosmetics, entertainment (pay TV services, computer games, etc.) and transport. Altogether, purchasing priorities of Gen X consumers were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic less than Gen Y consumers. Copyright 2022. © by the International Institute of Informatics and Systemics. All rights reserved.

PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS ABOUT COVID-19 IN THE UNITED STATES: A CASE STUDY IN ISSUE UNDERSTANDING IN A POLARIZED POLITICAL SYSTEM

How do citizens in a polarized political system react to an unexpected emergency like the COVID-19 pandemic and how do citizens process conflicting polarized narratives to for-mulate a public policy view of the threat of the pandemic? The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic is a health emergency unlike anything in the United States since the polio epidemic 70 years ago, but the political climate of the U.S. in the 1950's was far more centrist and consensual than the deep divisions observed today. This paper will utilize data from a 35-year longitudinal study of Generation X young adults (now in their mid-40's) and a three-decade time series of national U.S. surveys to examine information acquisition behaviors to understand the new threat. Our analysis of the last 35 years of Generation X finds that polarized ideological partisanship was the strongest single predictor of individual votes in the 2020 election, but that individuals with a higher level of understanding of the corona-virus were more critical of the Trump Administration's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and were more likely to vote for Bid-en than Trump. A parallel analysis of a national probability sample of U.S. adults in 2020 found the same pattern of influence from ideological partisanship, coronavirus understanding, and assessment of the Trump Administration's handling of the pan-demic. The results indicate that knowledge and understanding can provide a critical balancing effect in an evenly divided polarized political system. © 2022, CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. All rights reserved.

To Analyze the Level and Factors of Job Satisfaction across Different Generations in India during Covid-19

Firstly, the motive behind this research is to know about the factors that lead to Job Satisfaction;secondly, the most authoritative factor of Job Satisfaction;thirdly, to find out which generation is the most satisfied with their current job across different generations of people. The study provides a descriptive and comparative analysis of working professionals during pandemic from all domains, industries, gender, age, and sectors across India selected based on random sampling using quantitative research methods. It aims to analyze the results on SPSS based on a survey in a close-ended and Likert-scale based questionnaire. Baby boomers are the most satisfied with their job. Generation X is satisfied but lesser than Baby Boomers. Generation Y and Generation Z are not satisfied. Still, Millennials are more satisfied than Generation Z. Their dominant factor for job satisfaction is Job Security, Work Culture, Equality, and Career Growth Opportunities. Not much research has been done on Gen Z by researchers, as they are young and will be entering the market. This study focuses on Gen Z. The findings will help analyze people of different ages to their work and participation levels. The HR could formulate their policies and practices according to the findings generated, which will help reshape their reward structure, decide how they can manage talent, control bad attrition, and a basis for further research, if anyone wants to study particularly about one factor.

Cash and Non-cash Payments for In-Store Purchases During the COVID-19 Pandemic – Similarities and Differences Between Generation X and Generation Y Consumers. Case of Poland

The changes brought to retail as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic have forced an adjustment in consumer shopping behaviour. In addition to keeping distance, wearing masks, gloves and using disinfectant fluids, buyers were asked to forgo paying for the purchases with cash and use payment cards or mobile devices. The purpose of this paper is to identify similarities and differences in payments for grocery purchases in stationary retail shops during the COVID-19 pandemic by two consumer age cohorts, generations X and Y (Millennials). To compare the payment behaviour of the two generations, a CAWI survey was conducted during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey sample consisted of 650 individuals. Based on the variables for the three forms of payment (cash, payment cards and mobile payments), that buyers made in five types of shops (discount, supermarket, hypermarket, convenience shop and branch shops such as bakery and retail vegetable/fruit supply), a cluster analysis (Ward's method) was conducted. Four types of consumers were identified in each generation. The following similarities were found in payment behaviour in stationary retail outlets: In both generations, consumers most often pay for purchases by card and in each of them, a group using this form of payment almost exclusively can be distinguished. In contrast to Generation Y, otherwise known as the Millennials, Generation X includes customers who most often pay for the purchases in cash. Among Millennials, on the other hand, it is possible to identify consumers who prefer to use mobile payments and occasionally pay in cash. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Gen Z during the COVID-19 crisis: a comparative analysis of the differences between Gen Z and Gen X in resilience, values and attitudes.

In the current study we seek to examine the difference between Generation Z and Generation X in terms of coping with a global crisis (COVID-19), specifically regarding resilience in times of crisis, personal values ​​and attitudes during that time. Based on the theory of generations, we aimed to explore whether different generations have different levels of resilience, values and attitudes during the global crisis. Data were gathered in a cross-sectional study; 958 participants participated, divided into two age-groups: 508 participants of Generation Z (ages ranged between 18-24; 53.9% males [Age: M = 21.05, SD = 1.96]; 46.1% females [Age: M = 21.14, SD = 1.83]), and 205 participants of Generation X (ages ranged between 40-50; 54.2% males [Age: M = 45.16, SD = 3.15]; 45.8% females [Age: M = 45.23, SD = 3.01]). It was found that members of Generation Z (Gen Z) were less resilient. Also, Gen Z members had higher levels of openness to change, and self-enhancement as compared to Generation X (Gen X). In addition, Gen Z were found to be more positive in their attitudes toward flexible learning but no differences between the generations were found as for flexible work. Both generation members had the similar attitudes towards online consumption. Despite the magnitude and significance of the crisis, the main values of each generation remained unchanged in many respects, but attitudes of both generations are positive towards hybrid work and consumption.

MULTISCREEN CONSUMPTION FROM A MARKETING PERSPECTIVE IN TIMES OF COVID-19

The research is of a mixed type, that is to say, an exploratory and conclusive research was carried out. It is exploratory, qualitative and observational. Since the study phenomenon was studied from its qualities. And it is conclusive, descriptive, transversal and non-experimental. The conclusive research was carried out through a survey, and for the exploratory stage, in-depth interviews were conducted. The research question was: What are the differences in multiscreen consumption among generations X, Y and Z in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic in Puebla? And as Hypothesis H1: The multiscreen consumption is significantly different in generations X, Y and Z during the pandemic due to the permanence in the homes. Likewise, the objective is to analyze the differences in multiscreen consumption behavior in generations X, Y and Z during the Covid-19 pandemic in Puebla. The research was conducted at 95% confidence level with a sample of 409 subjects. In the case of the exploratory research, it was decided to select only 15 subjects who met the profile of opinion leaders for the qualitative research. The study subjects (poblanos of generation X, Y and Z) consider that their time in front of a screen has increased considerably since the 2020 pandemic, since it generated a new lifestyle where people of different generations have had to adapt. Currently it is essential to have and know how to use audiovisual devices, likewise people belonging to generation Y and X were forced to improve their skills or learn to handle the devices in order to stay in touch with their environment. This is due to the fact that since the confinement by Covid19 during 2021 everything has been channeled to virtually, such as communication, shopping, sales, education, culture, etc.

CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE TO HEALTH CONTINGENCY BY COVID-19 IN MICHOACAN 2021: GENERATION X

This research is aimed at the study of Generation X consumer behavior during the health contingency caused by COVID-19, the objective of which is to identify the new consumer behaviors and trends that this generation has during the pandemic. Likewise, the research is made up of a theoretical section that helps to substantiate the central themes of the same, as well as a research section of the object of study whose methodology was carried out under a mixed exploratory and descriptive approach. Research was conducted through an online survey whose final scope was 224 observations in an established range of 41 to 61 years old. It was identified that members of Generation X as a result of the health contingency began to use digital platforms as a support tool, but this was not the only relevant change in their behavior since Generation X still prefers to make purchases in a traditional way.

An examination of the dynamics of intergenerational tensions and technological change in the context of post-pandemic recovery

Technological change is a feature of contemporary life encompassing interactivity, collaboration and, above all, real-time content sharing and live streaming. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new dynamics in relation to digitisation and technology usage. Within organisations, these changes have been swift and profound, leading to online meetings, events and virtual team management. An explosion of literature has accompanied these changes and their human impacts. However, the generational and intergenerational issues remain under-examined and therefore constitute an important gap. The paper examines the literature on workplace technology, digitalisation and human impacts in relation to the COVID-19, and particularly, through the lens of different generational adoptive patterns. Taking an inductive qualitative approach, the paper's empirical focus is analyses of semi-structured questionnaire data from intergenerational senior executives. The findings showcase alternative understandings of technology in the late-COVID-19 era and of Xer generational (i.e. born 1961-1981) resilience and operational change dynamics. This allows a number of contributions and implications to be developed.

FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER LOYALTY IN INDEPENDENT BOOKSTORES: HOW WELL ARE CUSTOMER NEEDS BEING MET? A CROSS-GENERATIONAL CASE STUDY

The bookselling industry has been significantly affected by the global recession of 2008 and the rise of e-commerce conglomerates. Thousands of small businesses have been wiped out by fast-paced changes in the business landscape. Customer loyalty can be described as a significant factor in measuring a company's success. These challenges have an ongoing effect on the consumer behaviour of different generations. This study was conducted involving loyalty card holders of an independent bookstore in Cyprus to examine how customer loyalty is affected by the online and physical presence of the company across generations, using an online questionnaire. The study findings showed that the online presence of a company is more important to Generation Z and Millennials than it is to Generation X, Baby Boomers, and the Silent Generation. The physical presence of a company is equally important to customers of all ages. The ability of an SME to improve on issues set forth by loyal customers and continue offering what they deem important is the reason this study was done. No similar studies have been conducted for the Cypriot marketplace. This case study has value for practitioners and academics alike in the field of consumer loyalty, especially in relation to COVID-19. This 'forced' use of technology has rapidly changed the way we conduct business in so many fields. Changes in work design in different sectors, both in services and products, has brought the need for quick adaptation to the new environment.

Behavioral shift of generation X towards OTT during Covid'19 in India

Over-the-top (OTT) services such as Netflix, Prime Video, Disney+ Hotstar, Zee5, etc., have changed consumers' content consumption behavior. Globalization and Digitalization have encouraged consumers to have limitless access to the Internet for information, leisure, entertainment, and social interconnectedness. The increase in the availability of high-speed Internet, the latest smartphones, and breakthroughs in technology have created great opportunities for the OTT sector, with people preferring to consume content on-the-go digitally rather than traditional media services, such as cable television. The Covid'19 pandemic has seen an increase in viewership's and subscriptions towards these streaming platforms, with people of different age groups adapting to changing viewership trends. This study aims to understand Generation X's behavioral shift (Age 41 to 55) towards OTT during Covid'19 in India. The literature review talks about the Generation X cohort of consumers, their behavioral habits, and attitudes towards technology. It also discusses the changing trends of online content consumption and how Covid'19 has created a spark in viewership's towards India's online media services. The research study aims to perform explanatory research to establish a relationship between the increase in consumption and subscriptions of OTT services in India by Generation X and the impact of Covid'19 on the same. Data will be collected from consumer's age amongst 41 to 55 in India via survey questionnaires, and linear regression tests will be performed to test the hypotheses and establish a correlation between the dependent and independent variables.

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON ONLINE BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF GENERATION X: THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR APPROACH

E-commerce volumes differ wildly across countries due to covid 19 pandemic. The study of online impulse buying behaviour is extremely significant due to the increasing relevance of e-commerce. Considering the stiff competition, it's essential to consider the factors that influence online impulsive buying. Customers should be compelled to make unplanned purchases or impulse purchases in order to make a profit. Based on the theory of planned behaviour, the study focuses on learning about factors that affect online shopping and lead to impulse purchases. Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioural Control have been used as factors in this study. The current study provides a better understanding of the relationship between TPB-based factors that influence buy intentions and, as a response, Online Impulse Buying Behavior.

The Importance of Sustainability Aspects When Purchasing Online: Comparing Generation X and Generation Z

As research on sustainability orientation across generations is still sparse, we contribute to literature by enriching this research field, focusing on Generation Z (‘Zers’) and X (‘Xers’). Moreover, no other study has analyzed cross-generational differences in the sustainability context by making use of choice experiments, which overcome issues related to (Likert) scale item investigations, and allow respondents to evaluate the trade-off between different purchase factors simultaneously. We thus applied one of the most recent advancements in choice experiments, named Adaptive Choice-Based Conjoint analysis, which appears to be more realistic than previous alternatives. The results indicate Zers consume more sustainably (inter alia higher importance of social labels;higher purchase likelihood) when shopping online;however, differences within each generation were uncovered, especially among Xers (e.g., gender differences regarding importance of price).

Changes in Generations X and y Consumer Behavior Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study analyses the changes in consumer behavior caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The emphasis is laid on the comparative analysis of respondents of highly active purchasing ages who represent Generation X (39-58) and Generation Y (18- 38). The set of research methods used in this study consists of comparative descriptive analysis, qualitative content analysis, and Chi-square test of quantitative and qualitative data collected in an electronic survey of 982 respondents from different countries of Asia and Europe. It was revealed that the main changes in consumer behavior are conditioned by personal finances and safety & health related measures intensified during the pandemic. © by the International Institute of Informatics and Systemics.

Closer together or further apart? Values of hero generations Y and Z during crisis

Purpose>Drawing upon cohort theory, the age-period-cohort framework and the portrait value system, this paper aims to examine differences in basic human values between generations Y and Z as they are shaped by recent major events (most importantly the COVID-19 pandemic).Design/methodology/approach>Hypothesized differences between values of generation Y and Z were tested using a content analysis of recent articles (Study 1) and an online survey through a prolific crowdsourcing website (Study 2).Findings>This research finds that while both generations value universalism and benevolence, Generation Y is more likely to conform and follow traditions while Generation Z values stimulation, hedonism and achievement more. The top two COVID-19 concerns for both groups were the health of others and financial security. Generation Y is more concerned about the economy while Generation Z is more worried about uncertainty in their future.Research limitations/implications>This paper provides insight into how the current environmental crisis has shaped the values of generations Y and Z and offers an understanding of the similarities and differences in values between these two generations.Practical implications>The findings have direct implications for the design of products/services and for the creation of effective marketing communications to reach these two consumer groups.Originality/value>This research is novel in identifying the basic human values of generations Y and Z as they are shaped by recent events such as the most recent economic recession and COVID-19.

Generation and government level differences in public employees' self-directed learning readiness

Training and development professionals need to know to what extent different generations within a multigenerational workforce are ready to self-direct their learning. The purpose of this quantitative comparative study was to examine differences in U.S. government employees' self-directed learning readiness (SDLR) by generation (Baby Boomers born between 1946-1964, Generation X individuals born between 1965-1980, and Generation Y individuals born between 1981-1999) and by government level (local, state, and federal). Malcolm Knowles's definition of SDL provided the foundation for the study. The researcher collected primary data via an online survey from a convenience sample of 226 employees, using Guglielmino's (1978) self-directed learning readiness scale. Three research questions addressed the main and interactive effects of employee generation and government level on SDLR. The results of the two-way ANOVA found no statistically significant main or interactive effects. However, descriptive statistics indicated that the highest levels of SDLR shifted from older employees at the local government level to younger employees at the state level and the youngest employees at the federal level: Baby Boomers in local government (M = 131.18);Generation X in state government (M = 134.75);and Generation Y in federal government (M = 134.48). If confirmed by future research, these descriptive findings suggest the need for differentiated training for self-directed learning. The findings of this study cannot be considered conclusive due to the convenience nature of the sample, data collection during the atypical COVID-19 period, and possible desirability bias in the survey participants' responses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)